Wasp venom-induced acute kidney injury: current progress and prospects

Wasp venom can trigger local and systemic reactions, with the kidneys being commonly affected, potentially causing acute kidney injury (AKI). Despite of recent advances, our knowledge on underlying mechanisms toxicity targeted therapies remain poor. AKI result from direct nephrotoxic effects wasp or secondary rhabdomyolysis intravascular hemolysis, which will release myoglobin free hemoglobin. Inflammatory responses play a central role in these pathological mechanisms. Noteworthily, successful establishment suitable experimental model assist basic research clinical advancements related to venom-induced AKI. The combination therapeutic plasma exchange continuous renal replacement therapy appears be preferred treatment for In addition, studies cilastatin varespladib have shown their potential as agents. This review summarizes available evidence AKI, particular focus inflammatory targets drugs, and, therefore, aiming support development against